2
  -2022
.. 5 
   
(   -V)
  :    :100
:     ,            
          
-
1.      ?        ?
    
2.       ?       
               
-
3. Z-    ? Z-        
4. -     ?
-
5. 10     50            
       6            
2
                 
    ?
  





:
  

25
20
35
15
23
   
26
30
40
16
45
  

 



:
  

28
26
20
35
30
   
40
29
41
49
46
6.    -    ?       ?
       
-
7.                  
     
8.    -  (X, Y, Z)          
   , 12 -          
              
     


14
14
18
16
13
16
18
15
19
22
19
20
2
  -2022
.. 5 
   
(   -V)
  :    :100
:     ,            
          
-
1.      ?        ?
    
:       ?       ?
                   
              
  ,             ,
             , 
" "       ,          
            
                 
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨 1.        (  )
󷃆󼽢   -   (    )
                
 ()       
2
                
          ,        
          
   :
  ()   (μ)  
  (p
)   (p)   
   (s²)    (σ²)   
󷃆󼽢      (      )
                
   
      ,    ,      
    
 :
                 100
      
 :    = (Σx)/n
 : = 165.3  (    )
,


 
 
   ( )
  = Σx/n
 
    
165.3 
󹸯󹸭󹸮 2.     
    :
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
 :
       
,         
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷    :
              
2
  , "       95%    160   170
   "
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬 3.        (       ?)
         (-   )   
       ?           
        :
󹻀 A.     
           ( )   
         
󹻂         
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  :
      60         
    ,    ()      60  
  
󷃆󼽢            
󹻀 B.  - "    ,     "
                  
    
󹻂:-      ,      
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  :
10                 ,
 1,000         
󷃆󼽢          
󹻀 .  - "     "
    ,     (     - ) 
       
2
󹻂               
 ,    
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  :
  A 50, 52, 48     ,   B 60, 40, 70  , 
 A   
󷃆󼽢   =   =  
󹻀 D.   "     "
                
  
󹻂:       
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  :
               
 
󷃆󼽢        
󹻀 .  - "       "
                
󹻂:        ,      
  
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  :
        ,         
   
󷃆󼽢          
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤 4.         
             
            ,   100  
    
       ()    
  ,  = 72.5  ,    
2
,         ?
  :
 

      72.5 ?
 
          ?
 
        ?
 
        ?
 
           ?
  (   )
,       ,       
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 5. 
 :
     ;    
    :
o :    .
o :      
o :    .
o  :      .
o :    (  )
                
     
2
2.       ?       
               
:   ?    -   
                 
             -      
  ?
    ,             
 
     ?
 "" ""       ,  ""      
              - :
   
  
  
       (  ),     
     
       ,        
, --      :
1.     ()
            ,    6   ,
 n = 6.
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾    6            
 
2.      
        :
 (,   )
 (,   )
2
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾         ,   ,   
  !
3.      ()
   (    )     
   () ,   ()    :
 = 0.5
 ,  (   )    :
 = 1 -  = 0.5
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾            -   
4.   
           
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾         ,        
        
      
5.  
      ,         ( 0, 1,
2, ...n  )   
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾     2.5       -     
6.  
    n    k      :
󰇛
󰇜
󰇡
󰇢

:
󰇡
󰇢“n  k”,   =


󰇛

󰇜
n =   
2
k =    (,   )
p =   
q = 1 p =   
        :
 :
                 
   :
n = 6 (   )
k = 3 (    )
p = 0.5 (   )
q = 0.5 (   )
--  :
     :
󰇛
󰇜
󰇡
󰇢
󰇛

󰇜
󰇛

󰇜

 1:    󰇡
󰇢
󰇡
󰇢


󰇛
󰇜


 2: p  q     
(0.5)3 = 0.125  (0.5)3 = 0.125
 3:      
󰇛
󰇜
   
󷃆󼽢  :
6      3       0.3125,  31.25%
2
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬       ()
         ,    6    
       26=642^6 = 6426=64   ( HHTTHT, HTHTHH,
)
 64    20   3    -  20/64 = 0.3125
    ?
         :
  :    
 :        
 :      
 :   
 :      ,   
           


  ()
     (, 6 )
   
 /   /
  ()
      (, 0.5)
 
      
 
  ,    
  
   n   k       
  
, , ,      
2
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹 
                    
            ""  ""   
   ,    6       3    
 0.3125  31.25% 
  ,       ,      
,        
  -
3. Z-    ? Z-        
:        
        ,        
      ,     : "    
  ?     ?"    :     ,
   -  
,     :
"     1.5     "
   ?    ,    Z-   
 
  -             
      
1. Z- ?
Z-       ,         
                 
()      ,       
    :
Z-       () 0     1
               , 
        
2
2.        
         -    :
    100   85   ,     80 ,  
  5 
    100   78   ,     70 ,  
  4 
  ,    (85)   (78)          
          ?
 Z-    (           ):
 : Z= (85 - 80) / 5 = 1.0
: Z= (78 - 70) / 4 = 2.0
  Z-  ,             
    Z-    -         
3. Z- ?
Z- (      )          
       
:
󰇛
󰇜
 :
X =  
μ =  ()
σ =   
  :
 Z = 0,      
 Z > 0,     
 Z < 0,       
4.       Z-   ?
2
     ,   , ,      
    ,            ,
             Z-
    :
  
 
   
    
  Z-         
5. Z-   
(1)   0 
       , Z-   0   ,  
  Z- 0 ,         
(2)    1 
            +1  Z-    1
    ,  -2  Z-    2    
(3)     
Z-               :
    
      
(4) 
Z-  (0)      , 0  
      
     -     50% 
(5)     = 1
                ,    1 ( 100%)
          
(6)   (68-95-99.7 )
Z- :
 68%  ±1    (Z = -1  +1)  
2
 95% ±2    (Z = -2  +2)   
 99.7% ±3    (Z = -3  +3)   
               
6. Z-  
(i)      
           (  ,  
       ?),         Z- 
           
(ii)   
      ( IQ   )    
     Z-   
(iii)   
     ,  ,      
           
(iv)   
SAT, GRE             Z- 
    ,         
7. Z-     
      
          
      ( , , )  
 
             
8.           
Z-                , 
        , Z-   ,    
              
2
       , “ Z- 2 ,”       :
        ,
  97.5%          ( Z- 
 ),
   
 , Z-       -         
     
4. -     ?
:󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤 -  :   
            ,  
         ,     
             - F-     
      
󷗛󷗜 - ?
-                 
    ,            
      -     (    ) 
                    
          F-     
    :
 (   )
 
   
     ,          - 
 ,    -           
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹 -   
2
1. 󹳣󹳤󹳥     -  
      
      - 
   -  F-
 
?        (        
),  
    
        
   ,      , -
    
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾  :       ,          ,
        -    
  
2. 󽅐         
-        
  
     ?        ,    
 -    (      )
  ,              , 
   
3. 󷘄󷘅󷘆󷘇󷘈󷘉     -  (df1  df2)    
   ,           , -
        :
df1 (   ) -    
df2 (    ) -    
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾              
 :
  n₁ = 10  n₂ = 15          , :
1 = - 1 = 9
2 = - 1 = 14
-          
2
4. 󷃆󹸊󹸋    
-    :
       
 
    ,       
- df1  df2  ,         ,    
  
5. 󺭬󺭭 -       
-   ( df2 > 2)        :
 

    :
 df2   
  1    ,  df2    1    
6. 󹳦󹳤󹳧               
       ,  F-        0
 0    ,        
    -           
 
7. 󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫                 
-      , :
      (-)
 (          )
   
  ,  F-         F-    

2
8. 󹴂󹴃󹴄󹴅󹴉󹴊󹴆󹴋󹴇󹴈     1 
    , F-    1      
  100%   
9. 󷃆󹸊󹸋 -     ,         
 df1  df2     (  , 100  ),  F-  
        
               
       
10. 󹸯󹸭󹸮         
 -     ,        , -
      
 ,    -         
󼨐󼨑󼨒    :      



-, 

   (0  ∞)

    (df1, df2)

df2    , df2/(df2 - 2)      


 , ,   

   (      )
    

 1

      
2


  
df        
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 : -       
-       ,       
           :
          ?”
          ?”
      ?”
      - , -      
-              
    ,         F- ,
 ,                 
,             
-
5. 10     50            
       6            
                 
    ?
  





:
  

25
20
35
15
23
   
26
30
40
16
45
  

 



:
  

28
26
20
35
30
2
   
40
29
41
49
46
:      ,  10      6   
                   
            :      
       ?
                  
           ,       
      
       --       
   
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤   
               :
 
    
    

25
26

20
30

35
40

15
16

23
45

28
40

26
29

20
41

35
49

30
46
                   
2
󼨐󼨑󼨒     :       ?
     " -"        ,  
                 
   -   ,     ""  ""  
󹸯󹸭󹸮  - ?
                  
 
            
           (  )  
     
󼩕󼩖󼩗󼩘󼩙󼩚    -- 
          
 1:    
               :
 

 
 (d =   - )

25
26
1

20
30
10

35
40
5

15
16
1

23
45
22

28
40
12

26
29
3

20
41
21
2
 

 
 (d =   - )

35
49
14

30
46
16
 2:    (d
)   
  ( )     ,          
   :
   = 1 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 22 + 12 + 3 + 21 + 14 + 16 = 105
   = 10
  (d) = 105 / 10 = 10.5
 3:        
           
1.  (d - d 

-
( -
1
-9.5
90.25
10
-0.5
0.25
5
-5.5
30.25
1
-9.5
90.25
22
11.5
132.25
12
1.5
2.25
3
-7.5
56.25
21
10.5
110.25
14
3.5
12.25
2

-
( -
16
5.5
30.25
2.  (d - d
  :
 = 90.25 + 0.25 + 30.25 + 90.25 + 132.25 + 2.25 + 56.25 + 110.25 + 12.25 + 30.25= 554.5
3. n - 1     (   = 10 - 1 = 9):
  = 554.5 / 9 = 61.61    () = √61.61 ≈ 7.85
 4: t-    
   :

 :
d= 10.5 ( )
= 7.85 (    )
 = 10 (  )




 



 5: -        
9   (n-1)  0.05      -  ,   
2.262 
  t = 4.23 > 2.262
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬 
    t- (4.23)  t- (2.262)   ,   
  
󷃆󼽢   ?
                  
 :
!            
2
󼨻󼨼    ?
            :
           
            
 
             
                
 ,         
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨       
     ,          
     
               ?
       :      -

  ,     ,   -   
    
6.    -    ?       ?
       
:󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂   -  :      

               
                   -
  - -    -      

                  
 ,       
2
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀     -    -  
    :
"      ,          
                 -  
                  
    "
    -  
󷃆󽄾   ?
      :
"              
 ,              
    -      (  )
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷         :
1.       
2.      
3.       ( , , )    
4.        (      )
󼩕󼩖󼩗󼩘󼩙󼩚      :
- (     )
 (       )
  (      )
   ,            
󷃆󽄾 -   ?
     :
"                   
          -    -    
       "
                 
    
2
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 -      :
1.      
2.          
3.     (  )    ( )    

4.       ,       
    
󼩕󼩖󼩗󼩘󼩙󼩚 -     :
- 
-  
- 
  
󽅄󽅅 , -       ?
         :
, ,   -    ?”
         , “- !”
! 󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬
-   -  ,       
    - , , ,  , 
󹸯󹸭󹸮  -     :  
   -     
   :
"          ,     
 :             ?     
   -    "
 -       :
1. 󷃆󼽢       - 
2
        (   )   (    
 )      
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀  :
     100   :
40    
30    
30    
      :
50  
20  
30  
                ,  -
   
󹴌󹴍󹴐󹴑󹴒󹴎󹴏󹴓󹴔󹴕 :
󰇛
󰇜
 :
O =  
E =  
        ,    ,   -  
 ,           - 
       
        ,      
2. 󷃆󼽢    - 
          :
         ?”
,           
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀  :
2

 


30
10
10
50

20
20
10
50
50
30
20
100
             
 ,   :
󰇛
󰇜
   (E)         :
󰇛

󰇜
󰇛󰇜

     E    , O     ,  -  
 
󹸽      
     ,   -        :
-   > -      
-   -       

󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷   (H):
  :        
  :   ( )
󼿍󼿎󼿑󼿒󼿏󼿓󼿐󼿔  -    
1. 󷃆󼽢      
2. 󷃆󼽢     
3. 󷃆󼽢        
2
4. 󷃆󼽢  , ,         

󺠰󺠱  
1. 󽅂           (   
 < 5   )
2. 󽅂    , - 
3. 󽅂       .
󼨐󼨑󼨒    
   :

  
-  

    
   
 
/
/

 
    

-, 
-, - , 
-  
󽅂  
󷃆󼽢 -
󽄻󽄼󽄽 
 ,      :
"  -      ?  -   ?"
         ,     :
"             ,    -
           -   -
              
                   , 
    "
2
-
7.                   
     
:                
    ,  -         
           ,       
        (   )     
   ANOVA    -    
              
 ?
ANOVA               
                    
     
  -      ?
, -          ,       
    ?   , 3 -         
4 -         ?   ANOVA    -
              
      :
- 
- 
  -  
-  :   
 ?
          -   ( ,   
 )     -            
  :      ,     ( )  
( )       
2
-    ?
    :
    (     ) 
         
    (,  , , )
 :
  :
 :     
 :      
 :      
          :         
  ?
        
-  :   
 ?
,          ,        
   :
       ,
     ,
       
  -       -         
          
-    ?
    :
     (,    )
             
  
2
 :
 



70

80


75


85


68


90
- ANOVA    :
       ?
      ?
                 
    ?
󹸯󹸭󹸮 -   -     

- 
- 
  




 
   
 

   


     
   
       
  


  
  
    
(,  A, B, C)
     (, 
//  /)
2
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬   () ?
 , ANOVA                
          (CD)  -   
       :
                  -   
                  

--:      ()
 ANOVA         ,     HSD ( 
 )       (LSD)      CD  
        :
󷃆󹹳󹹴󹹵󹹶       ( )
1.    (MSE)    ANOVA  ,    (, 
 )   
2.    ()   :


 n =      .
3.          ,    (, 0.05)  -
  -  
4.   ()   :
 =  
5.     :
         CD   ,     
   
󷃆󼽢  : -   
  :
 = 10
2
n = 10  
t (t- ) = 2.101 (df = 27  , 0.05  )




 = 2.101 x 1.41 = 2.96
,         A   = 50   B   = 54 , :
 
󼨐󼨑󼨒 -   
- ANOVA CD          :
   .. (,  )
     (, )
     ..
      :
   MSE .
    SE    (         
)
 t-   .
         
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷       
 
- 
- 
  
 
1
2

   
     

     
   
     
    
2
 
- 
- 
  
     
   
       
 
-
,  
 
,     
       
󷕘󷕙󷕚   
         -   -    
-            ?”   -     
       ,        ?”
   : ANOVA      ,    (CD)  
    
      ,        ,  
             
8.    -  (X, Y, Z)          
   , 12 -          
              
     


14
14
18
16
13
16
18
15
19
22
19
20
: 󷊀󷊁󷊂󷊃     :     
    ,            
               -   
,                
:
          ?”
2
      ,  12         
         :
4    
4    Y
4    Z
      (   ,     )   :



14, 16, 18,
14, 13, 15, 22

18, 16, 19, 20
!         -      ,    
  15  (            )  , 
   :



14, 16, 18, 15
14, 13, 15, 22

18, 16, 19, 20
,              (  
)         ANOVA (   )   
󹸯󹸭󹸮  1:    
    ,         
  (H₀):          
  (H₁):          

                
    
2
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫  2:  ?
 (   )              
 (  : , , )     ,       
     
--        (   ), ANOVA    
      
             :
1.           
2.              
    ,        ,      
      
󹴌󹴍󹴐󹴑󹴒󹴎󹴏󹴓󹴔󹴕  3: ANOVA  -- 
      --    
󹻂  3.1:  ()
   4   = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 
󹻂  3.2:   
X   = (14 + 16 + 18 + 15)/4 = 15.75
Y   = (14 + 13 + 15 + 22)/4 = 16
Z   = (18 + 16 + 19 + 20)/4 = 18.25
󹻂  3.3:   ( )
 = (14 + 16 + 18 + 15 + 14 + 13 + 15 + 22 + 18 + 16 + 19 + 20) = 220
 = 220 / 12 = 18.33
,     -   :
: 14 + 16 + 18 + 15 = 63
: 14 + 13 + 15 + 22 = 64
: 18 + 16 + 19 + 20 = 73
= 63 + 64 + 73 = 200
2
  = 200 / 12 = 16.67
󹻂  3.4:     ()  
 = n * [(X - GM  )² + (Y - GM  )² + (Z - GM  )²] n =  
   = 4
 = 4 * [(15.75 - 16.67)² + (16 - 16.67)² + (18.25 - 16.67)²]= 4 * [0.8464 + 0.4489 +
2.5609]= 4 * 3.8562 = 15.4248
󹻂  3.5:      (SSW)
SSW =        
  :
(14 - 15.75)² + (16 - 15.75)² + (18 - 15.75)² + (15 - 15.75)²= 3.0625 + 0.0625 + 5.0625 + 0.5625
= 8.75
Y  :
(14 - 16)² + (13 - 16)² + (15 - 16)² + (22 - 16)²= 4 + 9 + 1 + 36 = 50
Z  :
(18 - 18.25)² + (16 - 18.25)² + (19 - 18.25)² + (20 - 18.25)²= 0.0625 + 5.0625 + 0.5625 + 3.0625
= 8.75
 = 8.75 + 50 + 8.75 = 67.5
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫  4:   
   (df1) = k - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2
   (df2) = N - k = 12 - 3 = 9
 k =   , N = 
󹸱󹸲󹸰  5:   
 (   ) =  / 1 = 15.42 / 2 = 7.71
 (  ) =  / 2 = 67.5 / 9 = 7.5
󼨐󼨑󼨒  6: - 
 =  /  = 7.71 / 7.5 = 1.028
2
󹴂󹴃󹴄󹴅󹴉󹴊󹴆󹴋󹴇󹴈  7: -       
5%   , df1 = 2  df2 = 9  ,  F-  4.26  (F-
 )
     F (1.028) <  F (4.26) ,     
    
󷃆󼽢  :
5%                 
       
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨  
   :
      :
       Z       ,   
               
,   ,          
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂         :
1.          
2.          ANOVA  
3. -       ,        
 
4.          ,       
 
5.     -      
"               
        ,       "